Murray State University School of Engineering CourseWiki
CourseWiki/Machining/Drilling and Threading

Reaming, Boring and Hole Seats

Choose a finishing operation by the feature needed: a sized bore, a cylindrical recess, a conical seat or a flat bearing surface.

Choose the operation from the finished shape

Choose the operation from the finished shape

Four schematic sections compare a deep flat-bottomed counterbore, a conical countersink, a shallow flat spot face and a straight reamed hole.
Section views through the hole axis. Gray is material; white is open space. A spot face provides a bearing surface; a counterbore provides a recess.
Needed featureOperation
Improve the diameter and finish of a nearly correct holeReam
Enlarge an existing hole with control of its axis and diameterBore
Cylindrical recess with a flat shoulder for a fastener headCounterbore
Conical seat for a matching flat-head fastenerCountersink
Local flat bearing surface around a holeSpot face
Ream for size and finish; bore when the axis needs control

Ream for size and finish; bore when the axis needs control

A reamer removes a small amount of material with multiple cutting edges. Prepare an undersize hole with enough material for the reamer to cut, rather than rub. Too much allowance overloads the tool; too little may leave the previous surface. Use the reamer maker's allowance for that diameter and material, not one stock allowance for every hole.

A reamer tends to follow the existing hole. Do not rely on it to relocate a badly misplaced or crooked hole. Boring enlarges an existing hole with a cutting edge whose path can be set relative to the machine axis. With a suitable setup and enough material left to clean up, it can correct location and straightness as well as diameter.

Use Tolerances and Fits to interpret the size limits and select inspection methods. See Lathe Operations for boring and threading on the lathe.

A nominal tool size is not a finished-hole guarantee

Tool condition, alignment, runout, temperature and workholding affect the result. A reamer stamped with the desired diameter still needs an appropriate prepared hole and cutting conditions. Inspect the actual bore rather than accepting it from the tool marking.

Compare the old opening with the final bore envelope

Compare the old opening with the final bore envelope

A centered final bore can remove material around a smaller opening when that entire opening lies inside the final bore's removal circle. It cannot add material back where an earlier opening protrudes outside that circle. Setting the boring head to the drawing diameter does not erase the earlier geometry.

Open Milling Operations and choose Job 4 / Boss and bore. From View, choose 2D sections. Before each case, choose Start this job over, then Sure? Start over, so each comparison begins with a fresh block. Use the Move to X, Y and Z inputs and Move. Keep tool and boring-head changes at Z +20 by using Raise to Z +20.

Fresh-block caseIllustrative simulator movesIndividual bore inspection
Previous opening stays insideLoad the drill Ø10. At X 50.5, Y 30, move the tip to Z −24. Raise to Z +20. Load the boring head Ø20.00, move to X 50, Y 30, then bore to Z −21.The modeled Ø20 bore contains the earlier opening. Its row reports measured Ø20.00 through, with no diameter-too-big, centre-position or CUT TOO FAR failure; the unfinished whole job does not need to pass.
Previous opening extends outsideLoad the drill Ø10. At X 52, Y 30, move the tip to Z −24. Raise to Z +20. Load the boring head, enter 18 in Boring Ø and choose Set; bore at X 52, Y 30 to Z −21. Raise, set Ø20, then bore at X 50, Y 30 to Z −21.CUT TOO FAR — Bore Ø20.00 ±0.05 through reports about Ø20.41, 0.41 too big, with the fitted centre about 0.38 from target. THRU also fails because inspection tests a full allowed diameter around the fitted irregular opening; it does not mean the centered boring-head move stopped short. The centered final pass cannot replace the material removed outside its circle.
  1. In the first case, where is the edge of the Ø10 opening relative to the centered Ø20 removal circle?
  2. In the second case, which individual checks show that the result is not simply a centered Ø20 hole: diameter, position, overcut, or all three?
  3. Why does a final DRO of X 50, Y 30 not undo the earlier off-axis removal?

These coordinates, depths, offsets and fitted/grid inspection numbers belong only to this idealized simulator. They are not acceptable cleanup allowance, safe boring offset, rework instructions or physical gauge results. The model does not predict boring-bar entry or interrupted-cut behavior, rigidity, deflection, chatter, force, finish, alignment uncertainty or workholding. Geometric containment is necessary here, not sufficient for a real process: use the drawing, measured hole, complete setup, tool-maker guidance and responsible process authority.

The top, boss and chamfers remain unfinished in both cases, so the overall feature row or job may still be incomplete. Read the bore's diameter, position and overcut checks for this comparison.

Match the head seat to the fastener drawing

Match the head seat to the fastener drawing

A counterbore has a cylindrical wall and a flat shoulder. A countersink has a conical seat. The screw head must match that seat's included angle; the thread diameter alone does not determine the head angle or the countersink diameter.

A spot face removes enough surface material to create a local flat seat for a head, nut or washer. It is useful on a rough or uneven surface. A spot face and a counterbore may use similar tools, but their required depth and purpose differ.

Read the specified diameters, depths and angle before cutting. A tool used only to break a sharp edge is not necessarily producing a fastener seat to size. Do not substitute a preferred cutter angle for the drawing requirement.

Test the choice before choosing the cutter; Practice

Test the choice before choosing the cutter

A smooth pin hole already on location suggests reaming. A hole whose axis must be corrected suggests boring, if there is enough material. A socket-head screw recessed into a cylindrical pocket suggests counterboring. A conical flat-head seat suggests countersinking.

Practice choosing hole operations